| Solar panel | Solar panel act as components that convert sunlight into using solar cells. They serve as an environmentally friendly and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a apparatus that absorbs sunlight to produce heat, generally used for water heating or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses solar radiation to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or power generation. It is a sustainable and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural traditions, notable attractions, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of rolling hills, ancient castles, and bustling urban centers that blend heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental radiance emitted by the sun, crucial for life on Earth as it offers energy for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of power resulting from the motion of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers countless devices and networks, facilitating contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, crucial in in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, typically produced by cell packs, power sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a instrument that accumulates chemical energy and transforms it into current to power various electronic gadgets. It includes several electrochemical cells, each containing positive and negative electrodes divided by an electrolyte. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy solution that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a device that converts DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for home use and utility connection. It is essential for enhancing energy performance and ensuring secure, dependable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that reverses polarity cyclically, generally used in home and business power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a device used to ascertain the extent, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes gadgets like rulers, thermometers, and manometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This system boosts the efficiency of solar power systems by ensuring maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are huge installations that utilize sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They offer a renewable and eco-friendly energy power, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on non-renewable fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then sent wirelessly to our planet for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess electricity generated from renewable sources or the grid for later use, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These solutions typically utilize batteries to deliver backup power, cut down energy expenses, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels documents the progress and improvements in solar power tech from the initial finding of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced photovoltaic modules. It highlights key breakthroughs, including the invention of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous developments that have significantly boosted energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a Gallic scientist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photovoltaic effect and glow. His research laid the groundwork for grasping how light interacts with particular materials to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an US inventor who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work laid the basis for the current photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its crucial role in the production of electronic devices and solar cells. It is a tough, fragile crystalline substance with a bluish-gray shine, mainly utilized as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach increases system effectiveness, allows for enhanced performance oversight, and increases energy production in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in solar panels to provide a renewable and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | An PV (photovoltaic) system converts sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a fundamental particle that represents a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds transform sunlight immediately into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This event is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the capturing of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use thin semiconductor layers just several micrometers in thickness to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and fixed equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as people, furnishings, and external influences. Both are important considerations in building planning to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the identical voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy is the speed at which electric power is transferred by an electric circuit, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and fundamental for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a unit of energy transfer rate in the metric system, indicating the rate of energy flow or conversion. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric potential difference between two points, which drives the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the power per single charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of voltage, voltage difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electrical current is the flow of electric charge through a metal wire, commonly measured in A. It is necessary for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the measure of electric flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It influences the design and size of power systems to maintain secure and optimized energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and uniform method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for charging and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or solar panels into AC suitable for household appliances. It enables the use of standard electrical devices in settings where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the angle of solar panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, enhancing solar energy capture. This innovation improves the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by ensuring best panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to maximize the power output of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the working point to correspond to the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | A power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually improving the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by reducing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that monitors and examines the performance of solar power systems in live, providing important data on energy production and system condition. It helps enhance solar power output by detecting problems ahead of time and securing highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are thin, adaptable photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a substance composed of countless tiny silicon lattice structures, commonly used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline type suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent framework allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in better efficiency compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a category of thin film solar method that offers a affordable and high-performance solution for massive solar energy harvesting. They are known as their excellent absorption performance and comparatively reduced manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film solar devices that employ a multi-layered compound of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are known for their great light capturing efficiency, flexibility, and potential for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and simpler to apply than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its affordability and adaptable characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are innovative photovoltaic devices that use various p-n connections arranged in unison to capture a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are mostly used in space applications and high-efficiency solar power systems due to their superior energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that generate sunlight into electric power to power onboard systems. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and crafted to function effectively in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metal, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as laser devices, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor recognized for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, delivering a affordable approach for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and pliant form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film describes a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in multiple technological fields. These layers are crucial in electronics, light manipulation, and coverings for their special physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a renewable and affordable energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a layer of material ranging from tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in dimension, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are accurate gauges used to exactly measure small distances or thicknesses, typically in machining and manufacturing. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a fine, circular segment of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are flexible solar units recognized for their excellent performance and flexibility, making them suitable for various uses. They utilize a stratified layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight immediately into power with remarkable effectiveness in low-light settings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is noted for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sun rays directly into power using photovoltaic cells, providing a renewable energy source for residential, commercial, and grid applications. They offer a eco-friendly, renewable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electricity using a light-reactive dye to absorb light and produce electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to conventional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the potential for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are solar cells that use organic materials, to turn sun's energy into electricity. They are easy to handle, flexible, and enable cost-effective, broad solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a advantageous semiconductor material used in laminate solar modules due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its excellent optoelectronic properties make it an appealing option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, facades, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy efficiency while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices windows to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and provides a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations information various extensive solar energy plants around the world, demonstrating their capacities and sites. These facilities play a crucial role in sustainable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels. They are essential in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and water. It offers a sustainable option to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and methane, are limited reserves formed over geological eras and are depleted when used. They are the main fuels for electricity generation and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and renewability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various power sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable resources into electrical power. This process usually takes place in power plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, Hg, cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how efficiently a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Enhancing this efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy generation and cutting reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves placing products to elevated stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by innovations and cost reductions. This growth is revolutionizing the world energy sector by increasing the share of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities built to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through device that bends light to converge or spread out rays, forming images. It is commonly used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to adjust light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the angle between an approaching light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to reduce glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the clarity and illumination of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitude levels counteract each other, causing a reduction or full disappearance of the combined wave. This event generally happens when the waves are not in phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, commonly employed in power supply systems. The voltage fluctuates following a sine wave throughout its cycle, enabling cost-effective transfer over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A microinverter is a miniature component used to convert direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing power output at the module level and eases installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electrical energy delivered through a setup where the voltage and current cyclically reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in residences and commercial sectors to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a type of electrical connector used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power source to an electronic equipment. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that ensure a firm and trustworthy link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international protection validation organization that evaluates and approves products to confirm they comply with particular protection standards. It helps consumers and companies recognize trustworthy and safe products through strict evaluation and analysis processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Serial circuits are electrical circuits in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this configuration, the constant electric current passes through all parts, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This setup allows components to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to flow in one direction exclusively, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12 volt, created to provide electrical power for various devices and add-ons within a vehicle. It allows users to recharge electronic gadgets or operate small appliances during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting hardware to computers, enabling data transfer and power delivery. It supports a broad spectrum of peripherals such as input devices, mice, external drives, and smartphones, with multiple revisions offering higher speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Improving this efficiency is essential to increasing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic radiation, spanning from radio signals to gamma radiation, all possessing different lengths and energies. This range is crucial to numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, enabling signal transmission, healthcare imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily emitted by the sun. It serves a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on variations of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and unity. This composition approach emphasizes clarity and grace by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a important parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, indicating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the intensity of radiation or power received or emitted over a specific area, commonly in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in comprehending the distribution and conveyance of radiation across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various hues or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is frequently used to depict the spread of light or signal bandwidths in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big body of air's with relatively consistent temp and humidity properties, originating from specific origin areas. These air masses influence climate trends and air conditions as they pass through various regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the assessment of the energy per unit area received from the Sun in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, impacting global climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar energy refers to the accumulation of dust, and foreign matter on the panels of solar arrays, which diminishes their efficiency. Routine maintenance and servicing are necessary to reduce energy decrease and guarantee maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage available from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current represents the maximum electrical current that passes through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, happens, bypassing the normal load. It poses a significant safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power output of a solar array under perfect sunlight conditions. It reflects the panel's peak capacity to produce electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A electrical potential meter is an electronic device used to check the electrical potential between separate points in a electrical system. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in PV modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to current leakage and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal element crucial for plant growth and employed in different industrial uses, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has unique chemical traits that make it beneficial in creating long-lasting, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic modules to produce renewable electricity. It offers an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of using land for both solar power production and farming, optimizing space and resources. This strategy improves crop production while at the same time generating renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, improving overall energy output. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shade while generating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a collection of several solar modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in sustainable power systems to deliver environmentally friendly, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a construction that provides shade and protection from the weather for al fresco areas. It improves the practicality and look of a terrace, making it a pleasant zone for leisure and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, usually true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, mapping, and celestial observation to indicate the direction of an object in relation to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential muscle strains pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its excellent performance and affordability. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a preferred option for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the major manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy adoption and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to a billion watt, used to measure massive electricity generation and utilization. It is generally associated with electricity stations, national grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in making thin film-based solar cells that provide high-performance and low-cost power output. The firm is committed to eco-friendly energy development and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in seamlessly connecting various components of factory and automated systems to enhance efficiency and trustworthiness. It concentrates on creating innovative solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among different tech platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a prominent Chinese-based company expert in producing and developing solar-powered solar items and systems. It is known for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs within renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion W, often utilized to represent the potential of large-scale power generation or consumption. It emphasizes the vast energy extent involved in modern energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as cumulative output rises, due to learning and improvements obtained over time. This effect highlights the value of accumulated experience in cutting expenses and improving productivity in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight straight into electricity using semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, renewable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of generating solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the cost of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that renewable energy technologies are economically comparable with conventional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the primary electrical power supplied to residences and enterprises through a system of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the sun's rays using solar cells to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It represents a sustainable, sustainable, and planet-friendly power supply that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in home, business, and factory environments to generate clean, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where conventional power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered items features a variety of tools that capture sunlight to produce energy, promoting eco-friendly and sustainable living. These items include ranging from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor tools, delivering flexible alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a facility that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize lenses plus reflectors focusing solar radiation on highly efficient solar cells, greatly boosting energy capture using a compact footprint. This approach is highly suitable where direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers an innovative way to lowering expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
