| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module act as instruments that transform sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an green and alternative energy source, minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a system that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, typically used for hot water production or space heating applications. It effectively converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, space warming, or power generation. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural traditions, famous sights, and vibrant cities like London. It boasts a mixed scenery of gentle slopes, historic forts, and lively city hubs that mix tradition with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the natural illumination emitted by the sun, crucial for life on Earth as it provides energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a form of energy generated by the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It drives innumerable appliances and infrastructures, supporting contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the single-direction flow of electric charge, usually produced by batteries, power supplies, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that holds chemical energy and converts it into current to operate various electronic gadgets. It includes several galvanic cells, each comprising anode and cathode interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy option that minimizes reliance on fossil fuels and supports sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a instrument that converts DC generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) fit for domestic use and grid integration. It is vital for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing safe, consistent electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, typically used in domestic and business power supplies. It enables effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A power management device is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from excess charging and damage. It provides efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A survey tool is a tool used to ascertain the dimension, volume, or level of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, temperature sensors, and barometers that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, maximizing energy absorption. This system enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that harness sunlight to produce electricity using many solar panels. They supply a green and eco-friendly energy power, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves installing photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to produce electricity from sunlight. This green energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied photovoltaic system converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to gain potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and generate power. This electricity is then transmitted wirelessly to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess power generated from renewable sources or the grid for later use, enhancing energy independence and efficiency. These solutions typically utilize batteries to provide backup energy, reduce energy costs, and assist grid stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels chronicles the advancement and innovations in solar power technology from the beginning finding of the solar effect to contemporary high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It highlights key breakthroughs, including the development of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and ongoing advances that have greatly improved power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French physicist by profession renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the foundation for grasping how radiation interacts with particular materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and researcher known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US creator who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work established the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its essential role in the production of electronics and solar panels. It is a hard, brittle solid substance with a bluish-gray metallic luster, primarily used as a semiconductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a small device installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This method improves system performance, allows for enhanced performance oversight, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar panel is a component that converts sunlight immediately into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is commonly used in solar panels to offer a green and sustainable energy power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight straight into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a basic particle that represents a quantum of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It serves a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which specific substances turn sunlight directly into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This effect is the basic principle behind photovoltaic technology, facilitating the capturing of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the base for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the foundational platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a super pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, systematic crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the static forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as occupants, furnishings, and environmental factors. Both are important considerations in engineering design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components in a line, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components between the identical voltage source, allowing multiple paths for current. These layouts influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification is the speed at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical network, primarily used to operate devices and appliances. It is generated through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy, and is essential for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the measure of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which pushes the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in V and indicates the energy per individual charge ready to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the base unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per coulomb between points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electricity through a conductor, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for powering electronic equipment and facilitating the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the standard of electrical current in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a circuit over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the level of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to ensure reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is commonly used for powering and energizing a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that changes DC from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the application of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is available. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as an collection of multiple individual batteries designed to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically adjust the orientation of solar modules to track the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, maximizing solar energy capture. This system increases the efficiency of solar power gathering by ensuring optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to optimize the power generation of solar energy systems by constantly tuning the operating point to correspond to the peak power point of the solar cells. This methodology provides the highest efficiency power harvesting, especially under differing environmental factors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a tool that observes and examines the effectiveness of solar power systems in real-time, delivering useful data on power output and system health. It helps optimize solar energy output by identifying problems promptly and securing optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a affordable and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in different portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are typically used in photovoltaic modules to supply energy to homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous tiny silicon crystals, typically used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its production involves fusing and reforming silicon to form a high-purity, polycrystalline structure suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a premium form of silicon with a continuous lattice arrangement, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform framework allows for enhanced electron transfer, resulting in superior efficiency compared to different silicon varieties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics constitute a category of film solar system that provides a economical and effective solution for extensive solar energy generation. They are their high absorption performance and comparatively affordable manufacturing fees versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic cells that use a composite compound of copper, In, gallium, and selenium to transform sunlight into energy effectively. They are known for their high light capturing effectiveness, flexibility, and potential for compact, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous atomic arrangement, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic components due to its economic advantage and versatile features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic modules aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are advanced photovoltaic devices that employ multiple p-n connections arranged in unison to capture a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, substantially enhancing their efficiency. These are mainly employed in space applications and high-performance solar power systems due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that transform solar radiation into electricity to supply onboard equipment. They are typically lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-frequency electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor famous for its excellent electron mobility and efficiency in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy transformation efficiency. This technology is perfect for large-scale solar power plants in regions with direct sunlight, providing a affordable option for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable power sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with excellent performance in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film denotes a fine layer of material, often measured in nm or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These films are vital in electronics, optics, and coverings for their unique physical and chemical features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a stratum of compound covering tiny nanometric scales to a few microns in dimension, often applied to surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronics industry, optical technologies, and medical applications, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, commonly used to describe extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision measuring instruments used to accurately measure small distances or widths, typically in mechanical engineering and fabrication. They feature a scaled screw mechanism that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a thin, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the substrate for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the fabrication of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar modules recognized for their superior output and flexibility, perfect for multiple fields. They employ a multilayer semiconductor structure that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity with excellent efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sun rays directly into energy using PV cells, providing a renewable energy source for household, business, and grid applications. They provide a clean, long-lasting, and affordable way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that turns sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to take in light and produce electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for see-through and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, flexible, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are solar cells that utilize carbon-based compounds, to turn sunlight into electric power. They are easy to handle, pliable, and enable lower-cost, broad solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising photovoltaic compound used in thin-film solar modules due to its plentiful and safe elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an desirable substitute for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roofing, facades, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It enhances privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of solar power stations details various large-scale solar energy installations around the planet, highlighting their capacities and positions. These plants serve a important role in sustainable energy generation and worldwide efforts to reduce carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Solar power facilities are extensive systems that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are renewably replenished, such as sunlight, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable option to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental impact and enhancing sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as lignite, crude oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are consumed when used. They are the primary fuels for power production and transportation but pose environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various power sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and green energy into electrical power. This process generally happens in electricity plants where turbines and generators work together to produce power for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are dense, poisonous elements such as Pb, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency indicates how effectively a solar panel transforms sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is essential for maximizing renewable energy generation and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided key evidence for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves exposing products to increased stresses to rapidly assess their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps detect potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and cost reductions. This development is revolutionizing the global energy landscape by increasing the portion of clean solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants intended to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent device that bends light to converge or diverge rays, forming images. It is frequently used in instruments like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for better vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a thin layer applied to vision surfaces to cut down on glare and enhance light passage. It boosts the sharpness and luminosity of lenses by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels negate each other, causing a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This occurrence usually happens when the waves are not in phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that periodically reverses, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The voltage fluctuates sinusoidally over time, permitting effective conveyance across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a miniature component used to transform DC from a single solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It improves system performance by optimizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or AC electrical energy, is electrical power delivered through a setup where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse polarity, enabling efficient transmission over vast spans. It is generally used in homes and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC plug is a category of electrical connector used to supply direct current (DC) power from a power supply to an electronic device. It generally consists of a cylindrical plug and receptacle that provide a reliable and dependable connection for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a worldwide protection validation organization that evaluates and endorses products to ensure they adhere to specific protection requirements. It helps consumers and firms recognize dependable and safe products through rigorous review and examination methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical circuits in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this configuration, the identical electric current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows devices to operate autonomously, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode acts as a semiconductor device that permits current to pass in a single sense exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12-volt, created to deliver electrical energy for various devices and attachments inside a vehicle. It permits users to recharge electronic electronics or use small devices when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting devices to PCs, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It accommodates a variety of devices such as keypads, mouses, external storage devices, and mobile phones, with different generations delivering higher speeds and improved features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell turns into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for maximizing energy production and making solar power economical and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar, wind, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, ranging from wireless signals to gamma rays, each with different wavelengths and power. This range is essential for a wide array of devices and natural events, allowing communication, diagnostic imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It has a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also lead to skin damage and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a single hue, using various shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This design approach emphasizes simplicity and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts per sq meter. It is a crucial parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to quantify the strength of power or power received or emitted over a particular area, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the distribution and movement of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to describe the distribution of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of air's with comparatively consistent temperature and dampness characteristics, originating from specific source areas. These air masses impact weather patterns and atmospheric states as they move across various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the intensity per square meter received from the Sun in the type of solar rays. It changes with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, impacting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar energy refers to the collection of dirt, and other particles on the panels of solar panels, which reduces their output. Regular cleaning and maintenance are important to reduce energy waste and maintain best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (W_peak) is a measure of the maximum power capacity of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak capacity to generate electricity in conventional testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A voltmeter is an measuring tool used to check the electrical potential between two points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in PV modules where increased voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic chemical element crucial for plant development and employed in various industrial applications, such as glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It possesses unique chemical traits that cause it valuable in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant collects sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic modules to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated method of employing land for both solar power production and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while concurrently producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, improving overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a installation that provides cover while generating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of numerous photovoltaic modules designed to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in green energy setups to deliver renewable, renewable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a structure that delivers shade and protection from the elements for exterior areas. It improves the practicality and look of a terrace, making it a comfortable area for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the sky relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a azimuth measured clockwise from a reference direction, typically true north, to the line linking an viewer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and astrophysics to define the orientation of an object with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its excellent performance and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical properties, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in promoting solar energy adoption and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of power equal to one billion watt, used to assess big power generation production and usage. It is commonly associated with power plants, national grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, focused on making thin film-based solar modules that provide high-performance and low-cost energy production. The firm is focused on eco-friendly energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly connecting various components of factory and automated systems to improve efficiency and trustworthiness. It aims on creating innovative solutions that facilitate seamless communication and interoperability among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top China's corporation focused on the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for its advanced technology and sustainable energy initiatives in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often utilized to represent the capacity of massive electricity production or consumption. It underscores the vast energy extent involved in contemporary power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost drops as overall production rises, due to gaining knowledge and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of stored knowledge in lowering costs and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaic systems transform sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This system is a pure, sustainable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or lower than the price of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity means that green energy sources are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and enterprises through a grid of power lines, offering a dependable source of energy for numerous appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the effective and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to generate heat. It represents a sustainable, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, commercial, and industrial sites to create renewable, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, providing sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of solar-powered items features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to convert energy, supporting green and renewable living. These products include everything from solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor equipment, delivering versatile solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and limits greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use optical lenses plus reflectors focusing solar radiation on high-performance photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing power output using a smaller area. This method works well where intense, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to lowering the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
